Middle East
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By the autumn of 1917, the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I had settled into a costly stalemate along the Gaza-Beersheba line. Earlier that year, the British Empire’s Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) suffered two disastrous defeats at Gaza in March and April. Ottoman forces, heavily fortified and led by German General Erich von Falkenhayn…
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In November 1945, the Jewish community of Tripolitania — the northwestern region of Libya centered around Tripoli — faced one of the most brutal anti-Jewish outbreaks in North Africa’s modern history. Over a few chaotic days, more than a hundred Jews were murdered, synagogues burned, and centuries of coexistence torn apart. The violence became known…
