The persecution of the Jews began systematically almost as soon as Hitler came to power. The Nazis established many new anti-Jewish laws. These were introduced slowly at first, so that the civilian population would not realise the extent of the Nazi party’s anti-Semitism. Below is a chart showing a small selection of the 2,000 Nazi anti-Jewish decrees passed between 1933-1945. It is uncertain whether Hitler planned to murder the Jews when he came to power. Originally it seems he intended to force them out of Germany but this eventually led to a plan to exterminate the Jews.
1933
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Public burning of books by Jews and anti-Nazis
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Random attacks on Jews and Jewish property
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Police and the courts no longer protect Jews
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April boycotts of Jewish shops – for one day, Germans are told not to buy from shops and business owned by Jews
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SA stand by shops to discourage people from going inside
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‘Kosher’- ritual slaughter of animals banned
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Department of Racial Hygiene (‘ethnic cleansing’) established
1934
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Jewish students excluded from exams in medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and law
- Jews excluded from military service
1935
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Nuremberg Laws deny Jews many basic civil rights
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Law for ‘The Protection of German Blood and German Honour’ forbade mixed marriages
1935-1936
- Jews no longer allowed to vote and lose German citizenship
- Benefit payments to large Jewish families stopped
- Jews banned from parks, restaurants and swimming pools
- Jews forbidden to use the German greeting ‘Heil Hitler’
- Jews no longer allowed electrical/optical equipment, bicycles, typewriters or records
- Passports for Jews to travel abroad restricted
- Many Jewish students removed from German schools and universities
1938
- Special identity cards issued to Jews
- Jews excluded from cinema, theatre, concerts, exhibitions, beaches and holiday resorts
- Jews forced to add the names Sarah or Israel to their own
- Kristallnacht (9 November) – a night of terrible violence in Germany. German and Austrian Jews are murdered, synagogues burnt and desecrated and shop windows destroyed. Thousands of Jews are arrested
- Jewish children expelled from German schools
- Jews’ passports stamped with a red letter ‘J’. Some have passports removed to prevent them leaving the country.
1939
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A central office for Jewish emigration set up
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Jews evicted from their homes without reason and notice
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Jews’ radios confiscated
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Jewish curfew established
1940
- Jews’ telephones confiscated
- Jews no longer receive ration cards for clothes
1941
- Jews over 6 forced to wear a Yellow Star of David with ‘Jew’ written on it
- Jews Forbidden to use public telephones
- Jews forbidden to keep dogs, cats and birds
- Jews forbidden to leave the country
1942
- Jews hand over fur coats and woollen items
- Jews not allowed to receive eggs or milk
- Blind or deaf Jews no longer allowed to wear armbands identifying their condition in traffic
- All schools closed to Jewish children
1943
Continuous Deportations
With all this happening there were still brave people who defied the Nazi rules, often in subtle but clear ways.
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