Settela Steinbach – History of Sorts

The “Westerbork Film” refers to a film shot by Rudolf Breslauer at the Westerbork transit camp during World War II. This film is a significant historical document because it provides a rare visual record of life in a Nazi transit camp. The film was commissioned by Albert Gemmeker, the Westerbork Camp Commandant in 1944. He ordered Rudolf Breslauer an interned Jewish photographer and filmmaker, to document daily life in the camp.

Rudolf Breslauer was a photographer and lithographer by trade, educated at the Academy for Art Photography in Germany. He had married Bella Weihsmann and had three children: Stephan, Mischa, and Ursula. They fled Leipzig and settled in the Netherlands in 1938. In the summer of 1940, non-Dutch Jews were forced to leave Leiden because the city was near the sea. The Breslauers moved to a boarding house in Alphen aan de Rijn and left for Utrecht shortly after. On February 11, 1942, they were sent to Westerbork, where Rudolf Breslauer was ordered to make passport photos of incoming camp prisoners and film daily life in Westerbork. In the spring of 1944, the camp commander commissioned Breslauer to create what would later be known as the “Westerbork Film.” In September 1944, Breslauer and his family were deported to Theresienstadt with other privileged prisoners and subsequently deported to Auschwitz in October 1944. Only Ursula survived the camp. Rudolf died a month after the liberation of Auschwitz, on 28 February 1945.

Rudolf Breslauer used his skills as a filmmaker to create a detailed and poignant record. Despite the horrific context, his footage managed to convey, both the normalcy and the underlying tension of life in the camp.

The most iconic still from the film is Anna Maria Steinbach, better known as Settela. She was born on December 23, 1934, in Buchten, in the province of Limburg in the Netherlands, a 20-minute cycle from Geleen, (where I was born and grew up). The still is a picture at the start of the blog.

Settela and her family ended up in Eindhoven and were rounded up and transferred to Westerbork transit camp on May 16, 1944. Settela was filmed in Westerbork on the May 19, 1944 train transport to Auschwitz, moments before the railcar door was bolted and locked. The 246 Sinti and Roma, including Settela and some of her family members, were in goods wagons 12 to 17, just at the moment that Jewish prisoner Rudolf Breslauer was ordered by camp commander Gemmecker to film the events. Settela was gassed in Auschwitz-Birkenau, probably during the night of 2-3 August 1944, possibly along with her mother, two brothers, two sisters, and other Sinti and Roma during the Zigeunerlager liquidation.

The “Westerbork Film,” shot by Rudolf Breslauer, remains one of the most important visual documents of the Holocaust. It provides a unique glimpse into life in a Nazi transit camp—and serves as a powerful educational tool, ensuring that the experiences of those who suffered and perished are not forgotten.

The use of “The Westerbork Film” raises important ethical questions about the portrayal of suffering and the intentions behind the footage. While initially intended as propaganda, its use today is largely educational and memorial.

Sources

Settela Steinbach: The Girl with the Headscarf

https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn1000921

https://www.joodsmonument.nl/en/page/121714/werner-rudolf-breslauer

https://perspectives.ushmm.org/item/werner-breslauer-westerbork-deportation-footage

https://beeldbankwo2.nl/nl/beelden/?mode=gallery&view=horizontal&q=Westerbork%20Film&rows=1&page=1

https://beeldbankwo2.nl/nl/beelden/?mode=gallery&view=horizontal&q=Rudolf%20Breslauer&rows=1&page=1

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The picture above is one of the most iconic images of the Holocaust, For decades it was believed that the girl in the picture was Jewish.

In December 1992, Dutch journalist Aad Wagenaar started to research her identity. By following the number on the outside of the wagon, number 10, 16 or 18, the description of the wagon, and the identity of a single suitcase that appears in the shot, he quickly discovered that the transport took place on 19 May 1944 and that it was a mixed transport of Dutch Romani and Jews. On 7 February 1994 at a trailer camp in Spijkenisse, Crasa Wagner, who had been on the transport with the girl, was able to remember and identified her as Settela(Anna Maria) Steinbach. A few of her siblings were born in my home town Geleen. Ironically one of my cousins is married to someone from the Steinbach family.

The picture is a still from a video taken on May ,19 1944. You can see Setella peak through the doors at about 2.16 minutes. Just prior to that you can see a lady, who is clearly ill, being wheeled on the platform towards the train, only het suitcase is taken off, The lady is then wheeled back, presumably to another section of the train.

The video is a good historical record of how the transport system worked. Aside from the lady being wheeled in there is another disturbing element, you can see that it’s not the Nazis closing the doors of the cattle cars, but Jewish Kapo’s. I don’t say this to judge, far from it, it was a job they had to do in order to survive themselves, I probably would have done the same.