The title of this blog is a question I have often asked myself. Why did the Dutch not stop the Nazis from persecuting and murdering the Jews? It is also a question I will attempt to answer—at least to an extent.
The Dutch are often known for their pragmatism, directness, and openness. They value honesty and tend to communicate in a non-bs but straightforward manner. The Dutch culture also places a strong emphasis on individuality and self-reliance. Additionally, the Dutch are known for their tolerance and liberal attitudes, particularly concerning social issues. So why did they tolerate the Nazi’s treatment of the Jews?
A part of the answer lies within a single event—this is not a scientific fact, but to me, it makes sense.
Two major raids took place in the Amsterdam Jewish Quarter on February 22 and 23, 1941. In broad daylight, four hundred Jewish men were arrested and taken to the Jonas Daniël Meijerplein, where public abuse and humiliation followed. The Nazis deported 389 of them via the Schoorl Transit Camp to Buchenwald and Mauthausen Concentration Camps.
The raids caused a wave of outrage in Amsterdam. The underground Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN), banned by the Nazis in 1940, saw no other option than organizing a mass strike. During a meeting with four hundred Amsterdam leading resistance officials, the plan took shape: a jointly formulated strike pamphlet had to persuade as many workers as possible to stop work for two days.
The strike began on February 25, 1941, in Amsterdam and spread a day later to the Zaanstreek, Haarlem, Velsen, Hilversum, and the city of Utrecht and the immediate surroundings. It was the first large-scale resistance action against the Nazis in Europe—in fact, it would be the largest.
It would also be the last public mass act of resistance because the Nazis put down the February strike so mercilessly. From then on, the resistance organizations continued their fight against the occupier, mainly underground. Ultimately, the Nazis killed nine strikers, 24 were seriously injured, and many captured.
The participating cities were imposed sky-high fines by the Germans, Amsterdam as much as fifteen million guilders. Its mayor Willem de Vlugt was also dismissed and replaced by the Dutch Nazi Edward Voûte. The Nazis actively hunted CPN members for organizing the strike and other resistance leaders. Several of them were shot or murdered in a concentration camp.
It must have instilled so much fear into the general population that they would make a decision to turn a blind eye. They did not realize that doing that made them complacent in the murder of 75% of Jews living in the Netherlands. I am not accusing anyone because, in all honesty, I do not know what I would have done.
The people did turn a blind eye. However, that didn’t mean they didn’t see. Some people took photographs of raids and arrests, which easily could have led to severe punishments.
Before I start the main story, I must tell you about the wider context. About 75% of all Jews in the Netherlands were murdered during the Holocaust. The Netherlands as a country, received understandably a lot of criticism for this and to a great extent, it was justified. However, it is not as a black-and-white issue as some people may think it is. It is not that the Dutch were more anti-Semitic than other Europeans—in fact, in many cases, they were less. Per capita, the Dutch have more Righteous among the nations than any other European country.
The Dutch did have one thing that contributed greaty to the Dutch Holocaust—the most efficient and detailed population register in the world. Which made it very easy for the Nazis to find out where the Dutch Jews lived. Of course, there were also plenty of Dutch who collaborated with the Nazis.
On February 22, 1941, the Germans arrested and deported several hundred Jews from Amsterdam—first to the Buchenwald Concentration Camp and then to the Mauthausen Concentration Camp. Almost all of them were murdered in Mauthausen. The arrests and the brutal treatment shocked the population of Amsterdam. In response, Communist activists organized a general strike for February 25 and were joined by many other worker organizations. Major factories, the transportation system, and most public services came to a standstill. The Nazis brutally suppressed the strike after three days, crippling Dutch resistance organizations in the process. This was the first time that citizens of an occupied country protested publicly against the Nazis. It was also the largest mass protest against the Nazi regime in Europe. The February 1941 General Strike was—an extremely rare instance—where non-Jews collectively risked life and limb for their Jewish neighbors and fellow citizens.
Nine strikers were killed during the suppression by the Nazis, and dozens were injured. Shortly afterward, another 18 were executed. Needless to say, this instilled fear in the Dutch population.
The reprisals did not cease with the strike’s end. The Germans sacked the entire city council. Sybren Tulp, who had served in the colonial army in the Dutch East Indies, assumed control of Amsterdam’s police force
Although the Dutch resistance was crippled by this, it didn’t stop the resistance. Several resistance groups were formed afterward. Jan Thijssen was a member of one of the resistance groups.
Jan was born on December 29, 1908, in Bussum. He was an electrical officer at the PTT (Dutch Post and Telecommunications). He was in charge of tracking down clandestine transmitters. He was himself an enthusiastic radio amateur.
After the Germans invaded the Netherlands, Jan Thijssen soon had the idea of establishing a nationwide radio network to support the underground. In 1942, he contacted the Ordedienst (O.D.), one of the premier nationwide underground organizations led by career officers and military in nature. He presented his plan to the O.D. Chief of Staff, Jr. P.J. Six, who accepted his idea. Thanks to Thijssen’s commitment, a nationwide communication network was all but completed in 1942. In this, he was heavily supported by a chemist, J. Hoekstra, employed by N.V. Philips in Eindhoven and who succeeded in -illegally- acquiring from the factory various parts vital to the radio network with the help of a family member.
Thijssen grew disillusioned when it became clear that the O.D. wished to use his radio network solely for their own purposes. He also felt irritated by the much too passive attitude of the O.D. He advocated a new, nationwide organization to fully occupy itself with active resistance like sabotage and keep in close contact with the Allies. At the end of April 1943, along with six other underground workers, including the Communist D. van der Meer from Amersfoort. he established the R.V.V. (Raad van Verzet, the Council for Resistance in the Kingdom of the Netherlands). Van der Meer resigned a month later and was succeeded by G. Wagenaar, one of the national leaders of the Military Commission, the resistance movement of the Dutch Communist Party.
Another general strike in April and May of 1943, started spontaneously following a notification by German General Christiansen to the effect that all former Dutch military personnel be returned to imprisonment as POWs caused Thijssen to call for a boycott of this measure and to commit sabotage. He was the first to inform London of this strike and his proposed actions through his transmitter.
During 1943 and 1944, the R.V.V. performed liquidations, raided distribution offices and public records, and committed acts of sabotage. However, the objective of the R.V.V. to gain overall leadership within the active resistance was not reached. This was (partly) because the illegally printed C.P.N. ‘De Waarheid’ (Truth) identified itself more and more with the R.V.V., lending the organization an “albeit undeserved” communist aura. The O.D. and the R.V.V. couldn’t agree on matters that caused the Chief Staff of the O.D., Jhr. P. Six to oust Jan Thijssen as Chief of Radio Service of the O.D. There was also much rivalry between the R.V.V. and the Landelijke Knokploegen (L.K.P., National Raiding Parties).
From April 1944 onwards, the R.V.V. maintained radio contact with the London-based Bureau of Intelligence, established through the assistance of Thijssen’s friend and colleague, A.W.M. Ausems, who had been trained in England as a secret agent. July 1944, at Deurne Castle, a meeting took place between the national leaders of the R.V.V. At this meeting, Thijssen proposed an establishment of the Operations Center to be headed by himself. The existing R.V.V. groups had to be transformed into small sabotage groups to be deployed mainly against the German army.
In part aided by local resistance activities, the Allied drive through Western Europe progressed faster than was anticipated. At the end of August, the L.K.P. and the R.V.V. also received weapons by airdrops, and the Allied Supreme Command gave orders for large-scale sabotage acts directed against the Dutch railway system. There was a split between Jan Thijssen’s R.V.V. and Frank van Bijnen’s L.K.P.; the latter was named National Commander of Sabotage within the L.K.P. on August 25th, 1944. Problems were inevitable, and so, on September 12th, the newly appointed commander of the Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten (B.S., Internal Armed Forces), H.R.H. Prince Bernhard ordered the L.K.P., the R.V.V., and the O.D. to start the so-called Delta council to end the rivalry between the various organizations. Colonel Henri Koot was asked to take command of the B.S., and he accepted. He requested to be permitted to set up his HQ in Amsterdam. At that time, however, Jan Thijssen and Frank van Bijnen were heavily involved in underground activities to support the battle for Arnhem, which was in progress at that very moment. Therefore, they were absent from the Delta meeting in Amsterdam. As a result, the O.D. claimed ever more power for itself, something Thijssen could only disagree with. Among other things, he claimed the weapons that had been dropped for himself. He also clashed with Van Bijnen, and a crisis within the B.S. was looming. The disagreement continued for weeks and erupted when Commander Delta Koot relieved Thijssen of his function. A few days later, on November 8th, on the highway between Rotterdam and The Hague, driving a Red Cross van, Thijssen was arrested by the Nazis. He was taken to a prison in Zwolle. On March 8, 1945 Jan Thijssen was executed. He was one of 116 inmates from various prisons, mainly members of the resistance, who were taken to De Woeste Hoeve and shot in reprisal of the raid on SS-Obergruppenfuhrer und General der Waffen-SS und der Polizei, (General of the SS, Waffen-SS and Police) Hans Rauter.
The prisoners, in five groups of twenty and one of sixteen, were taken to the exact location of the raid near De Woeste Hoeve and shot. The German Oberwachtmeister der Ordnungspolizei (Chief of Police), Helmut Seijffards, who refused to be a member of the firing squad, was executed on the spot as well. Of all the people being led to their execution, Jan Thijssen was the only one attempting to escape, a remarkable example of rebelliousness and resistance to the bitter end. In his prison cell in Zwolle, he wrote a few phrases on the wall: “Ons slaat geen stormwind neder”, “Het hart kent zijn eigen droefheid alleen” en “Spijt, smart en schrik door dun en dik. De dood steeds in ’t zicht na vreselijk gericht. Gestreden onversaagd tot de vrijheidzonne daagt!” (“No storm will bring us down,” “Only the heart knows its own sadness,” and “Regret, grief, and fright against all odds. Always facing death after terrible Judgment. In struggle undaunted ’till the sun of freedom rises.”) While in prison, he painted several murals, including the illustration pictured below.
On September 14, 1945, he was buried with military honors.
It is men like Jan Thijssen—that makes me proud to be a Dutch man.
Prisoner and guard. Varnished at the request of Prince Bernhard
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The news of the 22 February 1941 raid of 427 Amsterdam Jews made a deep impression on the Amsterdam population. Out of solidarity with fellow-Jewish citizens and resentment of the Nazis’ actions in the capitol, a general strike, was announced for 25 February 1941.
The call, which came from several members of the illegally operating Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN), was spontaneously and massively heard. The strike spread to the Zaanstreek, Haarlem, Weesp, Hilversum and Utrecht.
The February Strike was the most extensive, open mass protest against the persecution of Jews in Europe. In total, at least 4,400 civil servants and work men from the municipality of Amsterdam took to the streets on 25-26 February in solidarity with the persecuted Jews in their city. The trams were standing still, and municipal services were not working. The strike spread to surrounding towns and other parts of the country, but then violence erupted from the Nazis.
Wille, Kraan
Willem Kraan worked in the Amsterdam Municipal Street Building Department, and his friend Piet Nak, who worked for the Sanitation Department, were active members of the Communist Party. On Sunday, 23 February 1941, they initiated a strike in protest against the Germans for the inhuman manner they treated the Jews. They approached as many working people as possible and asked them to strike on behalf of the Jews. The strike did not come off immediately. However, on a Monday evening, Piet made an inspiring speech at the Noordermarkt, and the next day all the services in Amsterdam and some in the neighbouring towns went on strike. It was the first time that non-Jews openly showed their concern for the plight of the Jews. The strike lasted two days before being put down by the Germans. Following the strike, the Germans made a supreme effort to apprehend the organizers, but their identities were never discovered. After a while, Piet was caught in connection with other illegal activities and brutally mistreated. Piet did not break, and when the Germans finally let him go he went temporarily into hiding. On 15 November 1941, Piet, Willem, and their friends were caught. Willem and 17 others were executed, but Piet was released and once again went into hiding. In May 1943, he was arrested and jailed for the third time. In June, he was freed, once again. However, the Germans had treated him so brutally that he was declared unfit for work and could never again hold a regular job. After the war, a bust of Willem Kraan was placed in a street that bore his name. On 31 May 1966, Yad Vashem recognized Wilhelmus Johannes Kraan and Piet Nak as Righteous Among the Nations.
Piet Nak
After the war, Piet Nak started a career as a magician and illusionist under the stage name Pietro Nakaro, also known as Nakaro the Magician. He also remained politically active and was involved in the establishment of the Amsterdam Vietnam Committee (later the Vietnam National Committee) and the Dutch Palestine Committee. In the 1950s, it came to a break with the Communist Party of the Netherlands, which, in his opinion, used the annual commemoration of the February strike for its political gain.
Eduard Carel Frederik Hellendoorn was a painter and Dutch resistance fighter. He was born on 29 November 1912 in Amsterdam. He studied the Koninklijke Academie van Beeldende Kunsten (Den Haag) (Royal Academy of Art, The Hague). In 1931 Hellendoorn married Johanna Maria Drayton Lee, with whom he had three children. The couple divorced in 1939. The 1939 exhibition at Amsterdam’s Rijksmuseum included Hellendoorn’s Onze Kunst van Heden (Our Art of Today).
In 1940 Hellendoorn joined the communist artists’ resistance. In 1941 he took part in the February strike. Subsequently, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Oranjehotel in Scheveningen Hellendoorn and executed on 13 March 1941 at Waalsdorpervlakte.
These were just a few of the heroes of the February strike. They make me proud to be a Dutchman.
On 19 February 1941, the German Grüne Polizei stormed into the Koco ice cream salon in the Van Woustraat. In the fight that ensued, several police officers were wounded. The Nazi authorities did not put up with the attack on their police officers. To end the unrest, they decided to hold a raid the weekend of 22 and 23 February. Revenge for that and other fights came and a large-scale pogrom was undertaken by the Germans. 425 Jewish men, ages 20–35 were taken hostage and imprisoned in Kamp Schoorl and eventually sent to the Buchenwald and Mauthausen concentration camps.
The February raids were only a prelude to much worse to come. These men were only the first of some 102,000 Jews from the Netherlands murdered during the Holocaust, a figure that represents 75 per cent of the Dutch Jewish population. Himmler, Seyss-Inquart and Rauter decided to set an example: the first raid on Jews became a fact. On Saturday afternoon, 22 February 1941, a column of German trucks appeared near Waterlooplein. The area was cordoned off, and men were seized in Amsterdam. February 1941 were the first Nazi raid on Jews in Western Europe.
Something that recently became known is that most of the Dutch prisoners, were taken to the Hartheim gas chamber for killing. Their families received false causes of death. Assumptions surfaced that the men had died of lead poisoning in the mines.
Historian Wally de Lang reported 108 murders at Hartheim Castle, a nearby Mauthausen Concentration Camp. Hartheim was also one of the T4 euthanasia centres.
Wally de Lang made it her mission in 2017 to discover the fates of each and every one of the men taken that day. “It was impossible for me to comprehend that 400 people of this town just disappeared without anyone knowing who they were,” said de Lang, who has spent several decades writing about Jewish history in the Netherlands.
The owners of the Koco Ice Cream Parlour were severely punished. Ernst Cahn was executed by the Nazis on the Waalsdorpervlakte, in the dunes near The Hague, on 3 March 1941. Alfred Kohn died in Auschwitz.
The arrests and brutal treatment shocked the population of Amsterdam. To respond, Communist activists organized a general strike on 25 February and were joined by many other worker organizations. Major factories, the transportation system, and most public services came to a standstill. After three days, the Germans brutally suppressed the strike, crippling the Dutch resistance organization.
The February strike was considered the first public protest against the Nazis in occupied Europe and the only mass protest against the deportation of Jews to be organized by non-Jews.
On 9 February 1941, members of the Dutch Nazi party, NSB, assisted by German soldiers, forced their way into the café-cabaret ‘Alcazar’ on Thorbeckeplein because Jewish artists were still performing there. This led to a brawl in which 23 people were injured.
Clara de Vries was a jazz trumpet player. Her performance at Cabaret Alcazar was one of the reasons that prompted the Nazis to raid Alcazar. A law had passed previously, forbidding all Jewish musicians and artists to perform in Non-Jewish clubs.
Clara was a well-accomplished Jazz trumpeter and by all accounts an exceptionally talented one. Louis Armstrong once said of her “That Louis de Vries, he had a sister Clara with a ladies-band. Oh boy, she could play that horn!” Her brother Louis, another Trumpetist, was often referred to as the Dutch Louis Armstrong. Clara was murdered in Auschwitz on 22 October 1942.
The February 9 incident led to the riots of 11 February in which the Dutch Nazi, Hendrik Koot, was severely injured, which led to his death a few days later on 14 February 1941.
The response was immediate. The Nazi authoritie sealed off the Jewish neighbourhood, technically beginning the Amsterdam ghetto, and a Judenrat was placed. Protests broke out, and the raid on an ice cream parlour, a known hangout for a Jewish knokploeg, saw Nazi police forces being attacked in retaliation, possibly sprayed with acid. The Nazis decided to round up a large number of Jewish men, and that gave the local Communist resistance groups an opportunity to agitate the population enough to start a strike, and widespread strikes started the following Tuesday, 25 February. The Dutch police response was moderate, and the Nazi authorities were not pleased. Troops were sent in to break the strike, and posters explaining the death of Koot were put up in an attempt to justify military action.
Café Alcazar, however, had also been a hiding place for 14 Jewish people.
In 1983, during the renovation of a nightclub on the Thorbeckeplein, a film that had been made there forty years ago surfaced. The film was called Duikjoodbasis,(Jewish hiding place) and the screenplay was written by the then thirteen-year-old Henry Robinski. It was made with and by the fourteen Jews who were in hiding above the nightclub Alcazar until May 28, 1943. Hendrik Swaab, who conceived the idea for the film in 1943, said in 1983 in the NIW(New Israeli Weekly) that the reason for making the film was boredom.
Making a film would give the people in hiding some distraction. The film was shot between July 1942 and April 1943 and was shot by a resistance member who had worked for a film company before the war.
Now Duikjoodbasis is unique: no other film recordings are known that were made at a hiding place.
On February 25, 1941 the Dutch decided that enough was enough. No longer would they stand idly by to see their Jewish neighbours being treated they way they were.
The first 8 months of the Nazi occupation did not see that much change to the Dutch, The changes were all gradual.However there were increased tensions. The WA(Weerbaarheidsafdeling-defense section), the para military arm of the Dutch Nazi party NSB,were actively involved provocative and intimidating actions in Jewish areas in Amsterdam. This resulted in one of the members of the WA, Hendtik Koot being killed by a local resistance group in Amsterdam on 11 February 1941.
The day after on February 12,1941, German soldiers assisted by Dutch police besieged the old Jewish quarter and blocked it off from the rest of the city by putting up barbed wire fences , opening draw bridges and erecting police checkpoints. The neighbourhood was now forbidden for non-Jews.
A week later on the 19th of February the German Grüne Polizei stormed into the Koco ice-cream salon, which was owned by Ernst Cahn and Alfred Kohn, both were Jewish refugees who had fled Germany. . A fight ensued and some ammonia gas escaped in the incident and several police officers were injured.
The head of the SS in the Netherlands,Hanns Albin Rauter. reported the incident to Heinrich Himmler on February the 20th, and indicated that the 2 men Cahn and Kohn had willfully attacked the police officers.
The death of Hendrik Koot and the incident at the ice cream salon were used as an excuse to initiate the first raids on Jews in the Netherlands on February 22 and 23,1941.
427 Jewish men, age 20-35 were arrested and sent to Kamp Schoorl.
Most of then were deported eventually sent to Mauthausen concentration camp, the majority of them died within the year, only 2 survived.
Ernst Cahn was executed on March 3,1941 and Alfred Kohn died in Auschwitz.
Following this raid, the Communist Party of the Netherlands called for action on 24 February, during an open-air meeting they did this at their own peril because the party had been made illegal by the Nazi occupiers. Nonetheless they organised a strike to be held on February 25 and 26, 1941 in Amsterdam as a protest against the pogrom and also the forced labour in Germany.
The Dutch population listened to the call for strike and about 300,000 workers did go on strike.
On Tuesday, February 25, tram drivers and sanitation workers started it. Followed quickly by dockworkers . Workers on bicycles rang the doorbells at homes and halted traffic in the streets, imploring drivers to join them.
Rauter ordered harsh actions against the strikers and orders SS troops to shoot, 9 people were killed. The strike initially started in Amsterdam, but the following day workers in Hilversum,Zaandam,Haarlem and Utrecht.
Additionally to the 9 people killed during the strike, another 24 were injured and on March 13,1941 , 3 of the organizers were executed. Ironically those 3 actually saved 3 minors who had members of a group of 18 of the resistance group “De Geuzen” . Because of their young age their death sentence were changed to life imprisonment.
The Nazis decided to execute ,Hermanus Coenradi, Joseph Eijl en Eduard Hellendoorn, who were 3 of the organizers of the February strike instead, together with the other 15 of De Geuzen.
The Nazi regime finally showed its real face to the Dutch.
The strike was the first and only direct action against the Nazis’ treatment of Jews in Europe.
This monument called “De Dokwerker” the Dockworker is dedicated to the struikers of the February strike. It is situated on Jonas Daniël Meijerplein, the square where most of the 427 Jewish men had been arrested.
February 25, 1941 the day when the Dutch said “Enough is enough” unfortunately despite the brave efforts and the sacrifice of those who were killed for it, it did not stop the murder of 104,000 Dutch Jews.
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The Netherlands Armed Forces surrendered to Nazi Germany in May 1940, and the first anti-Jewish measures (the barring of Jews from the air-raid defence services) began in June 1940. These culminated in November 1940 in the removal of all Jews from public positions, including universities, which led directly to student protests in Leiden and elsewhere. At the same time, there was an increasing feeling of unrest among workers in Amsterdam, especially the workers at the shipyards in Amsterdam-Noord, who were threatened with forced labour in Germany.
As tensions rose, the Dutch pro-Nazi movement NSB and its street fighting arm, the WA (“Weerbaarheidsafdeling” – defence section), were involved in a series of provocations in Jewish neighborhoods in Amsterdam.
This eventually led to a series of street battles between the WA and Jewish self-defence groups and their supporters, culminating in a pitched battle on 11 February 1941 on the Waterlooplein in which WA member Hendrik Koot was badly wounded. He died of his injuries on 14 February 1941.
On 12 February 1941, German soldiers, assisted by Dutch police, encircled the old Jewish neighborhood and cordoned it off from the rest of the city by putting up barbed wire, opening bridges and putting in police checkpoints. This neighborhood was now forbidden for non-Jews.
On 19 February, the German Grüne Polizei(Ordnungspolizie) stormed into the Koco ice-cream salon in the Van Woustraat.
In the fight that ensued, several police officers were wounded. Revenge for this and other fights came in the weekend of 22–23 February, when a large scale pogrom was undertaken by the Germans. 425 Jewish men, age 20-35 were taken hostage and imprisoned in Kamp Schoorl
And eventually they were sent to the Buchenwald and Mauthausen concentration camps, where most of them died within the year. Out of 425, only two survived.
Following this pogrom, on 24 February, an open air meeting was held on the Noordermarkt to organise a strike to protest against the pogrom as well as the forced labour in Germany.
The Communist Party of the Netherlands, made illegal by the Germans, printed and spread a call to strike throughout the city the next morning. The first to strike were the city’s tram drivers, followed by other city services as well as companies like De Bijenkorf and schools.
Eventually 300,000 people joined in the strike, bringing much of the city to a halt and catching the Germans by surprise.Though the Germans immediately took measures to suppress the strike, which had grown spontaneously as other workers followed the example of the tram drivers.
it still spread to other areas, including Zaanstad, Kennemerland in the west, Bussum, Hilversum and Utrecht in the east and the south.The strike did not last long. By 27 February, much of it had been suppressed by the German police. Although ultimately unsuccessful, it was significant in that it was the first and only direct action against the Nazis’ treatment of Jews in Europe.
The statue De Dokwerker in Amsterdam remembering the February strike
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I am passionate about my site and I know you all like reading my blogs. I have been doing this at no cost and will continue to do so. All I ask is for a voluntary donation of $2, however if you are not in a position to do so I can fully understand, maybe next time then. Thank you.
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History of Sorts 
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