To many Koenraad (or Koen), Rozzendaal is a forgotten Hero, but for at least one friend of mine, he isn’t.
Koen (Koenraad) Rozendaal was born in Oud-Beijerland, the Netherlands . On April 19, 1911. He was a Dutch resistance fighter during the Second World War and a member of the KP-Waterland.KP stands for Knok Ploeg which translates in Fight Team.
Koen Rozendaal used the pseudonym Koen Visser, he worked as a gardener in Berkel.
This is from a genealogy site
Koen Rozendaal (Koen Visser) went into hiding with farmer Jan Ruijter in the Beemster in 1943. Here he came into contact with some OD officers.
As an employee of the resistance group around E.B. Brune, he was involved in espionage, various heists, and liquidations.
He also provided people in hiding with distribution documents.
As leader of the KP-Purmerend/Waterland, which he co-founded in March 1944, Rozendaal organized robberies at the Edam police station and distribution office, the Monnickendam distribution office, and the Purmerend post office, during which large quantities of ration cards were captured.
Weapons were seized during the robbery of a police post on Overtoom in Amsterdam.
On April 4, he and others in Purmerend, after a fierce firefight, freed the arrested LOer P. Peek during his transport to the police station in Amsterdam.
On May 1 he took part in the G.J. van der Veen organized (failed) robbery at the HvB-Weteringschans.
In early 1944, Rozendaal had done everything he could to free the arrested Brune from the Koepel in Arnhem, but at the beginning of July 1944, he was betrayed by the same Brune (who, after arrest and serious assault, had started working for the Sipo) at Heck. s Lunchroom on Amsterdam’s Rembrandtplein arrested by the police.
On July 16, 1944, he was shot dead
Koen (Koenraad) Rozendaal (Oud-Beijerland, April 19, 1911 – Overveen, July 16, 1944) is a Dutch resistance fighter during the Second World War and a member of the KP-Waterland.
Koen Rozendaal (Koen Visser) works as a gardener in Berkel.
In 1943 he went into hiding with farmer Jan Ruijter in the Beemster. Here he comes into contact with some OD’ers. As an employee of the resistance group around E.B. Brune, he later became active in espionage, various squatting (including in Middenbeemster), and liquidations. He also provides people in hiding with distribution documents.
As the leader of the KP-Purmerend/Waterland, which he co-founded in March 1944, Rozendaal organized robberies at the Edam police station and distribution office, the Monnickendam distribution office, and the Purmerend post office. Large quantities of ration cards are captured. Weapons are seized during the robbery of a police post on Overtoom in Amsterdam.
On April 4, he, together with others, freed the arrested resistance fighter P. Peek in Purmerend. This was accompanied by a fierce firefight. At that time, Peek is transferred to the office of the Security Police in Amsterdam’s Euterpestraat.
On May 1, he took part in the robbery of the Detention Center at the Weteringschans organized by Gerrit van der Veen.
At the beginning of 1944, Koen made every effort to free the arrested Brune from De Koepel in Arnhem. At the beginning of July 1944, however, he was betrayed by this man, who decided to work for the Security Police after his arrest and serious assault.
Koen was arrested at Hecks Lunchroom on Amsterdam’s Rembrandtplein. He was locked up in the House of Detention at the Weteringschans.
Under the direction of Johannes Post and Hilbert van Dijk, an attempt was made on July 14 to free him and other resistance fighters. However, this failed due to betrayal.
On Sunday afternoon, July 16, Koen, together with Johannes Post, Jan Niklaas Veldman, Willem Frederik Smit, Arie Stramrood and Jacques Stil, Nico Jonk, Rens Prins, Jacob Balder, Frits Boverhuis, Ernst Klijzing and Ferdinand Ploeger, will gather at the headquarters of the SD on Euterpestraat. The injured Hilbert van Dijk and Cor ten Hoope are also added to the group on stretchers. People are transported to the dune area in Overveen. There they were all shot dead by the Nazis. Involved in this execution is, among others, the 21-year-old Dutch SS man Johan Willem Snoek. He murdered the men by shooting them in the back of the head.
The victims were then buried in a mass grave in the dunes. In the summer of 1945, some of them were reburied at the honorary cemetery in Bloemendaal.
A street in Middenbeemster is named after Koen Rozendaal.
Epitaph
Koenraad ROZENDAAL April 19, 1911 in Oud-Beijerland July 16, 1944, in the dune area near Overveen (municipality Bloemendaal) unmarried reformed gardener’s assistant in Berkel burial pit II (memorial stone 4) 26 Remember, O Lord, how weak I am, how short-lived! Psalm 89:19
Many thanks to Matt Tinkelenberg for introducing me to the story of his Great Uncle Koen, and other family members, of whom I will do blogs in the near future.
I am not sure what to make about the photograph above. It is either extremely brave and heroic, or naive, perhaps even arrogant. The photo is of Pierre Coronel, operating a radio transmitter during World War II, while in hiding. It is one from a set of pictures. Listening to an illegal radio could result in severe punishment if caught. Operating an illegal radio for broadcast purposes was punishable by death. Taking photos of it meant risking them to be used as evidence. It may not have been the wisest of actions.
However, the actions by Pierre Coronel can only be described as heroic. He was born in Ouder-Amstel, the Netherlands on 26 December 1914. Pierre was the son of Salomon Haïm Coronel and a non-Jewish mother. He was a radio operator. During the war, he took part in the resistance, operating an illegal broadcasting station hidden in the hospital ‘Onze Lieve Vrouwen Gasthuis’’
He trained as a radio operator in the 1930s and worked for Radio-Holland for some time. During the war, he lived alternately in Utrecht and Amsterdam. In 1942, Coronel was forced to work in Ostfriesland (Germany)
On October 12, 1942, he tried to travel home by train with a forged identity card but was caught during a check and transferred to a prison in Oldenburg. He returned to work after a captivity of several months, and managed to escape on March 15, 1943, to return to the Netherlands. There he provided assistance to Jewish people in hiding.
After being arrested several times for labor deployment and escaping, in September 1944, Pierre Coronel became a wireless operator for the illegal Channel Eagle.
He exchanged messages with England and the already liberated city of Eindhoven. For safety, this happened from different locations, including the attic on the Eerste Leliedwarsstraat 21 and in the Our Lady’s Hospital (OLVG) laboratory. In those days when there was a shortage of power supply, the hospital was still able to obtain electricity through aggregates. After the channel was discovered, there was a raid by the Security forces and police. Coronel was armed and shot two men dead, but he was also killed. In the OLVG there is a memorial stone placed in memory of the resistance activities that took place there.
He was shot on February 25, 1945, which was only a few weeks away from liberation. After the war, Pierre Coronel was buried in the field of honour in Overveen. A street in Amsterdam was named for him—Coronelstraat.
I am passionate about my site and I know you all like reading my blogs. I have been doing this at no cost and will continue to do so. All I ask is for a voluntary donation of $2, however if you are not in a position to do so I can fully understand, maybe next time then. Thank you.
To donate click on the credit/debit card icon of the card you will use. If you want to donate more then $2 just add a higher number in the box left from the PayPal link. Many thanks.
Most people will have heard of Sophie Scholl, but perhaps not so much about her brother Hans. Both Hans and Sophie were members of the resistance group, The White Rose.
The reason I refer to Hans Scholl as a victim (in the title) rather than a resistance fighter is as follows: Except for the Jews, Roma, LGBT, and disabled, it is sometimes hard to define what a Holocaust victim is. Either my grandfather was executed or driven to suicide by Nazis, yet, I have not considered him a Holocaust victim. Some prisoners of war are defined as Holocaust victims, and other prisoners of war are not. The same goes for resistance fighters—not all of them are considered Holocaust victims. For example, those involved in the 20th July plot are not considered Holocaust victims.
The point I am making is it is hard to define who is a victim—aside from the group mentioned earlier—and it appears to be very easy for some people to be definite about the perpetrators. This is a trend that worries me. Many factions say that all and only Germans were perpetrators. I have heard people say no one should visit Germany and everyone should boycott German products.
If you say all perpetrators were Germans, you ignore facts proving many were also victims. You also excuse all other perpetrators from Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Russia, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Hungary, Romania, The Balkans, and even the United Kingdom, the United States, and other known nations.
You, in particular, ignore victims like Hans Scholl.
Hans Scholl was born on the 22nd of September 1918. He grew up in a liberal Protestant family with four brothers and sisters. He was strongly influenced by the Bündische Jugend, the youth movement. From 1933 on, Hans Scholl was active in the Hitler Youth, climbing to the rank of Fähnleinführer. However, he soon turned his back on National Socialism. He organized a group in Ulm in early 1936 based on the lifestyle and goals of the banned German Youth Group for Boys of November 1, 1929.
The Gestapo imprisoned him for two weeks at the end of 1937. After his labour and military service, Hans Scholl studied medicine in Munich during the 1939 summer semester. In May 1940, he was deployed as a medical orderly on the French front. Hans Scholl was able to continue his degree in April 1941 in the 2nd Student Company of the Army Medical Squadron in Munich, where he met Alexander Schmorell in June 1941. From the fall of 1941, Hans Scholl was in close contact with the Catholic journalist Carl Muth. In June and July 1942, Hans Scholl and Alexander Schmorell distributed the first four White Rose leaflets. With Schmorell and Willi Graf, Hans Scholl was sent to the Soviet Union from the end of July to the end of October 1942 on a front internship. After their return to the University of Munich, he continued his resistance activities. The group’s fifth leaflet was duplicated and distributed by Hans Scholl, his sister Sophie, Alexander Schmorell, and Willi Graf. In February 1943, Scholl and Alexander Schmorell painted slogans such as “Freedom” and “Down with Hitler” on Munich walls, with the support of Willi Graf. Hans and Sophie Scholl placed the sixth and final White Rose leaflet around the Munich University building on the 18th of February 1943, throwing some down into the atrium. They were arrested at the university and sentenced to death four days later. They were executed at the Munich-Stadelheim Prison that same day.
They were all beheaded by guillotine only a few hours after being found guilty. A prison guard later reported: “They bore themselves with marvellous bravery. The whole prison was impressed by them. That is why we risked bringing the three of them together once more—at the last moment before the execution. If our actions had become known, the consequences for us would have been serious. We wanted to let them have a cigarette together before the end. It was just a few minutes that they had, but I believe that it meant a great deal to them.” It was reported that Hans Scholl’s last words were, “Long live freedom!”
The activities of The White Rose resistance consisted of distributing anti-Nazi regime leaflets and cladding anti-Nazi slogans on public buildings.
Holocaust historian Jud Newborn wrote: “You cannot really measure the effect of this kind of resistance in whether or not X number of bridges were blown up or a regime fell… The White Rose really has a more symbolic value, but that’s a very important value.”
I am passionate about my site and I know you all like reading my blogs. I have been doing this at no cost and will continue to do so. All I ask is for a voluntary donation of $2, however if you are not in a position to do so I can fully understand, maybe next time then. Thank you.
To donate click on the credit/debit card icon of the card you will use. If you want to donate more then $2 just add a higher number in the box left from the PayPal link. Many thanks.
On 25 October 1944, Fake Krist, a fanatic employee of the German Sicherheitsdienst, was shot dead by the Haarlem resistance, in the Netherlands Initially, the attack was attributed to Hannie Schaft’s resistance group, but later it turned out that a police squad with members from Halfweg, resistance group had liquidated Fake Krist. To this end, a rifle had been set up in a piano in a school gymnasium the day before. When the resistance wanted to enter the school, it was interrupted by a janitor who had to be tied up. Then, with a few gunshots, on his bicycle, anxious Krist was liquidated.
The book The Assault by Harry Mulisch is based on the attack.
Fake Krist was a member of the NSB and a police officer. He was very active in the persecution of resistance members, people in hiding, and Jews. Nico Sikkel gave the order to liquidate him. The plan was to shoot him from the school on Westergracht, across the street from where Krist was staying. This required a sniper. Gommert Krijger and Jan Overzet were approached for this. Hannie Schaft and Truus Oversteegen had also been instructed to liquidate Fake Krist; they happened to be present in Haarlem on the same day to see the liquidation take place before their own eyes. Reprisals followed immediately.
The Nazis retaliated the attack on Fake Krist by first selecting ten men from the prison of the Weteringschans in Amsterdam and bringing them to Haarlem. Secondly, they executed the ten men in public at the park behind the Cathedral Basilica of St. Bavo.
In addition, the Nazis also set fire to a block of four houses on the Westergracht.
One day after the attack, two German military trucks stopped early in the morning at the park behind the Bavo. The civil servant Johan van Rijn saw it happen from his bedroom window.
Passers-by were forced to watch the Germans retaliate. The resistance fighter Truus Oversteegen was there. With others, she was stopped when she happened to pass by. Five men jumped handcuffed from one of the trucks. They were set up in front of the gate of the park. When the guns were put to the shoulders, an old man hesitantly began to sing the Wilhelmus, the Dutch National anthem. A machine gun volley sounded and the men were killed. Immediately afterwards, five other men suffered the same fate. As an additional measure of reprisal, four houses on the corner Leidsezijstraat-Westergracht were destroyed. They had to be evacuated within 45 minutes and went up in flames. The inhabitants couldn’t take much more than a few clothes they’d hastily snatched from the coat rack.
The Dutch author Harry Mulisch wrote the book The Assault in 1982, based on the events of 25-26 October 1944. In 1986 Dutch Film Director Fons Rademakers made a movie based on the book. It was also called The Assault and received the Oscar in 1987 for best film in a foreign language.
When you look at the picture, you would assume it is the mugshot of a hardened criminal. But you couldn’t be further from the truth. The picture is of Hans Scholl. He was arrested and later murdered for exposing the criminals that arrested him.
There wasn’t an awful lot of resistance in Germany against the Nazi regime, but there were some groups who actively defied the Nazis. One of those groups was the ‘White Rose’, Hans and his sister Sophie were the founders of that group.
Born on September 22 1918, Hans Scholl was the typical Aryan ideal. In 1933, he joined the Hitler Youth and quickly became a squad leader. However he soon grew disillusioned with the Nazi party. In 1937 a former member of his group, Ernest Reden, confessed to a homosexual relationship with him. Hans was arrested and kept in solitary confinement before admitting the allegations were true. Hans made a positive impact on the judge, who dismissed the choice to join the youth groups as the “youthful exuberance” and “obstinate personality” of a “headstrong young man.” The judge then dismissed the homosexual allegations as a “youthful failing.” Although he was charged under “Paragraph 175”, the paragraph in Nazi law that criminalized homosexual behavior,Hans was allowed to leave the trial with a clean slate. Ernest Reden, on the other hand, was sentenced to three months prison and three months in a concentration camp for the relationship.
Paragraph 175 was only abolished in 1994.
In the summer of 1940 Scholl was sent as a member of the medical corps that went with the German Army invading France. Although he observed little of the actual fighting as he was working at a field hospital where four hundred soldiers were being treated. As a medic he assisted during leg amputations and other operations. He was based in the town of Saint-Quentin and felt guilty about living in requisitioned houses. He told his parents in a letter: “I liked it better when we slept on straw. What am I – a decent person or a robber?”
Scholl returned to his studies in Munich. He attended classes at the university, listened to lectures at various clinics around the city, and attended the wounded soldiers who had returned from fighting on the front-line. He told his sister Inge Scholl: “Going from bed to bed to hold out one’s hand to people in pain is deeply satisfying. It’s the only time I’m really happy. But it’s madness just the same… If it weren’t for this senseless war there would be no wounded to be cared for in the first place.”
Hans was again enrolled in the military service in the spring of 1941 as a medic in the Wehrmacht. After his experiences at the Eastern Front, having learned about mass murder in Poland and the Soviet Union, Scholl and one of his friends, Alexander Schmorell, felt compelled to take action.
In 1942, Hans ,Sophie and others founded the non-violent underground protest movement called The White Rose. From the end of June until mid-July 1942, they wrote the first four leaflets. Quoting extensively from the Bible, Aristotle and Novalis, as well as Goethe and Schiller, the German poets, they appealed to what they considered the German intelligentsia, believing that these people would be easily convinced by the same arguments that also motivated the authors themselves. These leaflets were left in telephone books in public phone booths, mailed to professors and students, and taken by courier to other universities for distribution.
Hans also was responsible for graffiti on public buildings which read ‘Down With Hitler’ and ‘Hitler the Mass Murderer.’ The siblings continued to distribute the leaflets until they were apprehended in 1943 after throwing dozens of fliers from a university window.
“Since the conquest of Poland, 300,000 Jews have been murdered in this country in the most bestial way … The German people slumber on in dull, stupid sleep and encourage the fascist criminals. Each wants to be exonerated of guilt, each one continues on his way with the most placid, calm conscience. But he cannot be exonerated; he is guilty, guilty, guilty!”
— 2nd leaflet of the White Rose.
The Scholls and another member of White Rose, Christoph Probst, were scheduled to stand trial before the Volksgerichtshof—the Nazi “People’s Court” notorious for its unfair political trials, which more often than not ended with a death sentence—on 22 February 1943. They were found guilty of treason. Roland Freisler, head judge of the court, sentenced them to death. The three were executed the same day by guillotine at Stadelheim Prison. Sophie went under the guillotine first, followed by Hans and then Christoph. While Sophie and Christoph were silent as they died, Hans yelled “es lebe die Freiheit!” (long live freedom) as the blade fell.
IN THE NAME OF THE GERMAN PEOPLE in the action against
Hans Fritz Scholl, Munich, born at Ingersheim, 22 September 1918,
Sophia Magdalena Scholl, Munich, born at Forchtenberg, 9 May 1921,
Christoph Hermann Probst, of Aldrans bei Innsbruck, born at Murnau, 6 November 1919, now in investigative custody regarding treasonous assistance to the enemy, preparing to commit high treason, and weakening of the nation’s armed security, the People’s Court first Senate, pursuant to the trial held on 22 February 1943, in which the officers were: President of the People’s Court Dr. Freisler, Presiding,Director of the Regional Judiciary Stier, SS Group Leader Breithaupt, SA Group Leader Bunge, State Secretary and SA Group Leader Koglmaier, and representing the Attorney General to the Supreme Court of the Reich, Reich Attorney Weyersberg, [We]find: That the accused have in time of war by means of leaflets called for the sabotage of the war effort and armaments and for the overthrow of the National Socialist way of life of our people, have propagated defeatist ideas, and have most vulgarly defamed the Führer, thereby giving aid to the enemy of the Reich and weakening the armed security of the nation. On this account they are to be punished by death. Their honor and rights as citizens are forfeited for all time.
— Translation made by Berlin Documents Center HQ US Army Berlin Command of 1943 Decree against the “White Rose” group.
Something that is often overlooked is the fact that Hans had 4 more siblings aside from Sophie.
Inge Aicher-Scholl (1917–1998) she wrote a book about the White Rose after the war.
Elisabeth Scholl Hartnagel (1920–2020), married Sophie’s long-term boyfriend, Fritz Hartnagel
Werner Scholl (1922–1944) missing in action and presumed dead in June 1944. In 1942, Werner was sent out to the Russian front, where, by chance, he was stationed near Hans. The two were able to see each other fairly often.
Werner and Sophie Scholl
Thilde Scholl (1925–1926)
Robert Scholl was a politician and the father of Hans and Sophie Scholl. He was a critic of the Nazi Party before, during and after the Nazi regime, and was twice sent to prison for his criticism of Nazism. He was mayor of Ingersheim 1917–1920, mayor of Forchtenberg 1920–1930 and lord mayor of Ulm 1945–1948, and co-founded the All-German People’s Party in 1952.
On 27 February 1943, five days after the execution of his children Hans and Sophie as members of the White Rose, Scholl was sentenced to 18 months in prison for listening to enemy radio broadcasts.
Although this post is titled ‘Hans Scholl’ we should not forget the sacrifices made by the other family members.
Hans Scholl would have been 104 today. In wikipedia he is called an activist, but he was much more then that.
On 9th July 1942, nine members of the resistance group De Oranjewacht, [The Orange Guard], (Orange is the national colour of the Netherlands and the name of the Royal family) were shot in the Fort near Rijnauwen, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Two trials were conducted against the resistance group, and nine members were sentenced to death. On the same day, two so-called Engelandvaarders, (England sailors) Jan Stam and Petrus Antonius Ravelli, were also executed.
The group, De Oranjewacht consisted of nine members. It was one of the first resistance groups captured by the Nazis during World War II (in December 1940). They were imprisoned until that terrible day, 9 July 1942—they were executed. One of the members of this group was Arnhemmer Piet Hoefsloot.
After Arnhemmer Piet Hoefsloot was arrested, tried, convicted and executed at age 49—he left behind his wife and eleven children. The youngest was so small that she never knew her father. Only now, decades later, is she learning and understanding him through stories. Several of his children at the time of this writing are still alive, all well into their eighties and nineties. Nevertheless, they were all in attendance at Fort bij Rijnauwen to commemorate their father with family members. The youngest daughter and two of the other daughters spoke. One read the farewell letter that Father Piet wrote to his wife and children a few hours before his execution from his cell in the prison on Gansstraat. The other daughter read (the poem), “Saying Goodbye.” A beautiful flower arrangement was laid (see photo), and this intimate ceremony was concluded with a moment of silence and the common prayer of the Our Father aloud. A photograph of the eleven children was left on the memorial stone as if Father had been reunited with his children. Piet Hoefsloot is buried at Moscowa Cemetery in Arnhem.
The Other Victims
Frans Heinekamp was born on 13 October 1898 in Arnhem. He was executed on 9 July 1942 in Utrecht, Fort Rijnauwen.
Johan Dons was born on 26 February 1915 in Utrecht and executed on 9 July 1942 in Utrecht, Fort Rijnauwen.
Evert van den Berg was born on 20 September 1915 in Hengelo. He was executed on 9 July 1942 in Utrecht, Fort Rijnauwen
Hendrik Marinus Emanuel Pieter Maertens was born on 20 July 1908 in Rotterdam. They executed him on 9 July 1942 in Utrecht, Fort Rijnauwen.
Leonardus Lambertus Twijnstra was born on 18 March 1904 in Leeuwarderadeel. He was executed on 9 July 1942 in Utrecht, Fort Rijnauwen.
Petrus Walter Gerardus van de Weijer was born on 9 October 1889 in Utrecht. He was executed on 9 July 1942 in Utrecht, Fort Rijnauwen.
George Hendrik van der Ploeg was born on 26 October 1889 in Vlissingen. He was executed on 9 July 1942 in Utrecht, Fort Rijnauwen.
Johan Herman Jacobus Boerrigter was born on 13 February 1906, in Djokjakarta, Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) and executed on 9 July 1942 in Utrecht, Fort Rijnauwen.
During the war, approximately 1700 Dutch men and women who tried to reach freedom in England, over land or by sea, were given the honorary name, Engelandvaarders (Lit. England-farers).
Jan Stam, born in 1916 in the Dutch East Indies, had been a 2nd lieutenant in the artillery during May 1940. He was married and father of one child. In March 1942, the Ravelli couple moved in with them. Peter Antonius Ravelli (1918) was a 2nd lieutenant in the Royal Dutch East Indies Army. For unknown reasons, he was in the Netherlands.
Together, the men decided to make an attempt to go to England. They reached France and were arrested to be brought back to the Netherlands. First, they were imprisoned in the House of Detention in Scheveningen and then in the prison in Utrecht.
They were tried by the Feldgericht des Kommandierenden Generals und Befehlshabers im Luftgau VI (Field court of the commanding general and commander in the air district VI) in Holland, and sentenced to death. The death penalty by shooting was carried out on 9 July 1942 in Fort Rijnauwen. Ravelli’s widow gave birth to their child a few months later.
These men make me proud to be Dutch. Many looked away and did nothing, yet these men decided to stand up against an evil regime and paid the ultimate price.
The saying goes, “Music can soothe the savage beast,” but what if it is the savage beast that is using the music as a cynical form of evil and torture?
In July 1942, Hans Bonarewitz attempted to escape from the Mauthausen concentration camp by trying to hide himself inside a box and was captured on 30 July 1942. The photograph above is of Hans Bonarewitz forced to pose standing next to the box he wanted to use to escape.
He was to be executed, but rather than just killing him, he was paraded through the camp like some circus attraction.
He was led to the gallows on a makeshift cart pulled by fellow inmates. The camp orchestra had to continuously play the song, “J’attendrai ton Retour,” (“I shall wait for your return”).
Another song, the traditional German children’s song “Alle Vögel Sind Schon Da,” (“All the Birds are Back Again’), was played immediately before execution. It was just evil on top of evil just for the sake of being evil and nothing else. How disgusted the musicians must have been, being forced to do this.
The information was discovered by Aitor Fernandádez-Pacheco, a filmmaker of the documentary film, “Mauthausen, una mirada Española,” who interviewed the former Spanish prisoner Mario Constante for his documentary.
I am passionate about my site and I know you all like reading my blogs. I have been doing this at no cost and will continue to do so. All I ask is for a voluntary donation of $2, however if you are not in a position to do so I can fully understand, maybe next time then. Thank you.
To donate click on the credit/debit card icon of the card you will use. If you want to donate more then $2 just add a higher number in the box left from the PayPal link. Many thanks.
Not every German supported the Nazis or signed up to their ideology. There were quite a few who were appalled by what their nation had become under the leadership of Hitler and his regime.
However there were only a handful of people who had the courage to stand up against the Nazis, at risk of their own lives. Some of these were an organisation that called themselves “White Rose”
It was a resistance group in Munich . The group, founded in June 1942, consisted of students from the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich who distributed leaflets against the Nazis policies.
Sophie and Hans Scholl were the prominent members , and so much has already been written about the Scholl siblings. I want to focus a bit more on another member, Christoph Probst.
Probst had a lot more to lose the the Scholl siblings, although he was young, he was married with 3 children.
Born in Murnau/Upper Bavaria on November 6, 1919, Probst studied medicines in Munich after his labor and military service in 1939.
In 1941 Christoph he married Herta Dohrn, with whom he later had three children. Alexander Schmorell, a friend of his, introduced Probst to Hans Scholl and his group of friends in the summer of 1942.
Christoph Probst joined the White Rose rather late, as he did not belong to the same student group as Hans Scholl, Alexander Schmorell and Willi Graf, and stayed for the most part in the background. He had to consider the safety of his family. He belonged, together with the Scholl siblings, Graf and Schmorell to the tightest circle, into which university professor Kurt Huber also came.
The White Rose produced, printed and distributed, at the risk of their lives, six leaflets in all.
Although Probst had been transferred to Innsbruck in December 1942, he was still actively involved in the discussion of the fifth White Rose leaflet on his visits to Munich and was also prepared to write his own flyer. After Sophie and Hans Scholl were arrested, on February 18 1943, the Gestapo found a draft leaflet written by Probst in Hans Scholl’s jacket pocket, stating: “Hitler and his regime must fall so that Germany may live on.” Christoph Probst was arrested in Innsbruck on February 20, 1943. To his mother he wrote whilst in prison.
“By an unlikely mishap I have now found myself in an awkward position. I don’t sugarcoat anything when I tell you that I’m fine and that I’m very calm. The treatment is good and life in the cell seems so tolerable to me that I’m not afraid of a longer period of imprisonment… I’m only concerned for you, for the wife and the small children”
On 22 February 1943, Christoph Probst and the Scholls were tried and sentenced together at the Volksgerichtshof by judge Roland Freisler, who had already determined the sentences even before the trial had started.
All three were sentenced to death by guillotine. Their sentences were carried out on the very same day at Stadelheim Prison, Munich. Probst had asked for clemency during interrogation. He also requested a trial for the sake of his wife and three children, who were aged three years, two years and four weeks old. His wife, Herta Probst, was sick with childbed fever at the time.
Shortly before Christoph was executed, he was allowed a visit from a Catholic Priest. Christoph requested baptism into the Catholic faith.
The only consolation to this is that his wife Herta survived the war and died 21 September 2016 aged 102
I am passionate about my site and I know you all like reading my blogs. I have been doing this at no cost and will continue to do so. All I ask is for a voluntary donation of $2, however if you are not in a position to do so I can fully understand, maybe next time then. Thank you.
To donate click on the credit/debit card icon of the card you will use. If you want to donate more then $2 just add a higher number in the box left from the PayPal link. Many thanks.
Ernst Friedrich Christoph “Fritz” Sauckel was a Nazi politician, Gauleiter of Gau Thuringia from 1927 and the General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment (Arbeitseinsatz) from March 1942 until the end of World War 2. He was one the 24 persons accused in the Nuremberg Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, sentenced to death, and executed by hanging on October 16,1946, 11 days before his 52nd birthday.
At the Nuremberg trials, Sauckel was accused of conspiracy to commit crimes against peace; planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression; war crimes and crimes against humanity. He defended the Arbeitseinsatz as “nothing to do with exploitation.
It is an economic process for supplying labour”. He denied that it was slave labour or that it was common to deliberately work people to death or to mistreat them. However this is not what he said in a letter he had sent to Alfred Rosenberg, 20 April 1942, Report on Labor Mobilization Program.
When you read the letter it looks like an ordinary business operation letter, even a supply chain demand report. But if you read it carefully you will see it is all but that, Below is an English translation of the letter, and I appreciate it that you may not have the time tp read it in one go. This is one key line from the letter.
“All the men [prisoners of war and foreign civilian workers] must be fed, sheltered, and treated in such a way as to exploit them to the highest possible extent at the lowest conceivable degree of expenditure.”
It also explains that all German women should be spared hard labour, but as the picture above shows that was not the case for Non German women.
The letter:
Very esteemed and dear Party-member Rosenberg! Enclosed please find my program for the mobilization of labor. Please excuse the fact that this copy still contains a few corrections. Heil Hitler! Yours [signed] Fritz Sauckel
To The “Reichminister” for the Occupied Territories of the East Party-Member Rosenberg Berlin
[From] The Deputy for the Four-Year Plan The Plenipotentiary for Labor Mobilization
20 April 1942
The Labor Mobilization Program.
The aim of this new, gigantic labor mobilization is to use all the rich and tremendous sources, conquered and secured for us by our fighting Armed Forces under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, for the armament of the Armed Forces and also for the nutrition of the Homeland. The raw materials as well as the fertility of the conquered territories and their manpower are to be used completely and conscientiously to the profit of Germany and her allies.
In spite of the fact that most of the German people capable of doing so have already made a most commendable effort for the war economy, more considerable reserves must be found and made available under any circumstances.
The decisive measure to realize this is the uniformly regulated and directed labor mobilization of the nation at the war.
To reach the goal determined by the Fuehrer the simultaneous and quickest use of numerous different measures of unified purpose are absolutely necessary. As any one of those must not interfere with the others, but rather complement them, it is also absolutely necessary that all the offices [Dienststellen] in the Reich, its territories and communities, in party, state, and economy, participating in this decisive task act according to coordinated, synchronized directives.
Thus, the labor-mobilization of the nation contributes extraordinarily to the quickest and victorious termination of the war. It requires every effort of the German people on the Home front. It is for that German people, for their preservation, their freedom, happiness and amelioration of their nutrition and standards of living that this war is being fought.
The Task and its Solution
(No figures are mentioned because of security reasons. I can assure you, nevertheless, that we are concerned with the greatest labor-problem of all times, especially with regard to figures.)
A. The Task:
The conscription of new soldiers to the gigantic extent for all branches and services of the Armed Forces has been rendered necessary by the present war situation.
This means:
a. The removal of workers from all professional enterprises, especially of a great number of trained personnel from armament producing war industries.
b. Also the removal of especially non-essential personnel from the war nutrition industry.
The war situation necessitates the continuation of the tremendously increased and improved armament programs as ordered by the Fuehrer.
The most essential commodities for the German people must continue to be produced for minimum requirements.
The German housewife’s health, particularly the health of those on farms, must not be endangered in their quality as mothers by the war. On the contrary, they must be relieved in every possible way.
B. The Solution
All prisoners of war, from the territories of the West as well as of the East, who are already situated in Germany, must be completely incorporated into the German armament and nutrition industries. Their production must be brought to the highest possible level.
It must be emphasized, however, that an additional tremendous quantity of foreign labor has to be found for the Reich. The greatest pool for that purpose are the occupied territories of the East.
Jewish children making boxes in the Glubokoye ghetto. ——US Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of Karl Katz
Consequently, it is an immediate necessity to use the human resources of the conquered Soviet territory to the fullest extent. Should we not succeed in obtaining the necessary amount of labor on a voluntary basis, we must immediately institute conscription or forced labor.
Apart from the prisoners of war still in the occupied territories, we must, therefore, requisition skilled or unskilled male and female labor from the Soviet territory from the age of 15 up for the labor mobilization.
On the other hand, one quarter of the total need of foreign labor can be procured in Europe’s occupied territories West of Germany, according to existing possibilities.
The procurement of labor from friendly and also neutral countries can only cover a small part of the total need. It can be applied mostly to skilled workers and specialists.
order to provide considerable relief to the German housewife, especially the mother with many children and the extremely busy farm-woman and in order to avoid any further danger to their health, the Fuehrer also charged me with the procurement of 400,000 – 500,000 selected, healthy and strong girls from the territories of the East for Germany.
6. labor mobilization of the German women is of very great importance.
Examining their very difficult problem and after getting thoroughly acquainted with the fundamental opinion of the Fuehrer as well as of the Reichsmarshal of the Greater German Reich and my own most careful inquiries and their results, I must absolutely reject the possibility of having an obligatory service decreed by the State for all German women and girls for the German War and Nutrition industry.
Although, at the beginning, I myself, and probably the majority of the leading personalities of the party and of the womanhood with me, believed that for certain reasons an obligatory service for women should be decreed, I am of the opinion that all responsible men and women in party, state and economy should accept with the greatest veneration and gratitude the judgment of our Fuehrer Adolf Hitler, whose greatest concern has always been the health of the German women and girls; in other words, the present and future mothers of our nation.
I cannot enumerate all the reasons which made me come to that decision. I only ask for confidence in me as an old fanatical district chief of the National Socialist party and to believe that this could be the only possible decision.
We all agree that this decision might appear unjust towards millions of women who are engaged in defense and nutrition industries under the most strenuous conditions but we also realize that an evil cannot be remedied by spreading it to the utmost.
The only possible way to eliminate the existing injustices and hardships consists in winning the war in order to enable us to remove all women and girls engaged from jobs unsuitable for women, namely endangering their health, the birth-rate of our nation, and family and national life.
We must also consider the difference, whether a woman or girl has been used to work in the field or in a factory because of her young age, and whether already she has proved to be able to stand this kind of work.
Aside from physical harm, the German women and girls under any circumstances must be protected from moral and mental harm according to the wish of the Fuehrer.
Foreign workers from Stadelheim Prison work in a factory owned by the AGFA camera company
It is doubtful that these conditions could be fulfilled in the case of mass-conscription and employment. It is impossible to compare the German Woman with the German soldier in this case, because of the existing fundamental natural and racial differences between man and woman.
We cannot accept the responsibility for the dangers threatening the life of the nation resulting from such a measure in the field of women labor mobilization, in view of the countless men on the fighting front—our dead soldiers.
The many millions of women, however, faithfully and industriously engaged in the German economy, and especially now, in war time, rendering valuable services, deserve the best possible care and consideration. They, as well as the soldiers and work-men, deserve the greatest gratitude of our nation. [ . . . ]
The severest measures must be used against loafers, as we can not allow those parasites to shunt their duties in this decisive struggle of our people at the cost of the others.
Prisoners of War and Foreign Workers.
The complete employment of all prisoners of war as well as the use of a gigantic number of new foreign civilian workers, men and women, has become an indisputable necessity for the solution of the mobilization of labor program in this war.
All the men must be fed, sheltered and treated in such a way as to exploit them to the highest possible extent at the lowest conceivable degree of expenditure.
It has always been natural for us Germans to refrain from cruelty and mean chicaneries towards the beaten enemy, even if he had proven himself the most bestial and most implacable adversary, and to treat him correctly and humanly, even when we expect useful work of him.
As long as the German defense industry did not make it absolutely necessary, we refrained under any circumstances from the use of Soviet prisoners of war as well as of civilian workers, men or women, from the Soviet territories. This has now become impossible and the labor power of these people must now be exploited to the greatest possible extent.
Consequently, I arranged my first measures concerning the food, shelter and treatment of these foreign laborers with the highest competent Reich authorities and with the consent of the Fuehrer and the Reichsmarshal of the Greater German Reich in such a way that a top performance will be demanded and will be obtained.
It must be remembered, though, that even the effort of a machine is conditioned by the amount of fuel, skill and care given to it. How many more conditions must be considered in the case of men, even of low kind and race, than in the case of a machine!
I could not accept the responsibility towards the German people, if after having brought such a tremendous number of men to Germany these men would one day become a burden for the German people or even endanger their health, instead of doing very necessary and useful work, because of mistakes made in their nutrition, shelter and treatment.
The principles of German cleanliness, order and hygiene must therefore also be carefully applied to Russian camps.
Only in such a way will it be possible to exploit that labor to the highest benefit of arms production for the fighting front and for the war nutrition program, without any trace of false sentimentalism.
[ . . . ]
All action making the stay and work in Germany more difficult and unnecessarily unbearable for the foreign workers and exceeding the restrictions and hardships imposed by the war must be avoided. We depend to a large extent upon their good will and their production.
It is therefore only logical to make their stay and work in Germany as bearable as possible—without denying anything to ourselves.
[ . . . ] Therefore, I want to cordially yet insistently commit all German men and women whose labor during war time will be decisive to comply with all those necessities, decisions and measures, according to the old National Socialist principle:
Nothing for us, everything for the Fuehrer and his work, that is, for the future of our Nation!
[signed]: Fritz Sauckel”
Source of English translation: United States Chief Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Volume III: Documents 001-PS through 1406-PS. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1946, Document 016-PS, pp. 46-59.
What strikes me in this letter is the repeated references to “Foreign Workers” most of them were Jewish, and many of them were German citizens and possibly more German than some of the Nazi leadership.
I am passionate about my site and I know you all like reading my blogs. I have been doing this at no cost and will continue to do so. All I ask is for a voluntary donation of $2, however if you are not in a position to do so I can fully understand, maybe next time then. Thank you.
To donate click on the credit/debit card icon of the card you will use. If you want to donate more then $2 just add a higher number in the box left from the PayPal link. Many thanks.
The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. More than two hundred people were accused. Thirty were found guilty, nineteen of whom were executed by hanging (fourteen women and five men). One other man, Giles Corey, was pressed to death for refusing to plead, and at least five people died in jail.
It all began in February 1692 when a group of young girls claimed to have been possessed by the devil and accused other women of being witches. Hysteria spread through colonial Massachusetts and a special court was convened to hear trials of those accused..
Bridget Bishop was the first person executed for witchcraft during the Salem witch trials in 1692. She was executed on June 10,1692.
On April 16, two women ‑ Bridget Bishop and Mary Warren – were newly accused by the afflicted girls. Two days later, complaints were filed against the two, as well as against Giles Corey and Abigail Hobbs. Those who claimed to be tormented were Ann Putnam Jr., Mercy Lewis, Mary Walcott, and Elizabeth Hubbard. Bishop was arrested on April 19 by Salem Marshal George Herrick and taken to Ingersoll’s Ordinary in Salem Village (modern-day Danvers) where the examinations were held. The afflicted girls writhed and convulsed. “She calls the Devil her god!” said Ann Putnam Jr. Judge Hathorne accused Bishop of afflicting the girls, which she denied. “I never saw these persons before, nor I never was in this place before,” said Bishop. “I am as innocent as the child unborn. I am innocent of a witch.” Judge Hathorne accused her of bewitching her first husband to death, which she also denied. The afflicted girls’ behavior was enough to convince the examiners. Bishop was held for trial in Salem jail, a short distance from her home.
“Q: Bishop, what do you say? You stand here charged with sundry acts of witchcraft by you done or committed upon the bodies of Mercy Lewis and Ann Putman and others. A: I am innocent, I know nothing of it, I have done no witchcraft …. I am as innocent as the child unborn. …. Q: Goody Bishop, what contact have you made with the Devil? A: I have made no contact with the Devil. I have never seen him before in my life.”
Bridget Bishop was married at least 3 times, possibly 4 times , but the records are a bit hazy about that.
She married her first husband Captain Samuel Wesselby on 13 April 1660, at St. Mary-in-the-Marsh, Norwich, Norfolk, England. She had two sons and one daughter from her first marriage: John, Benjamin and Mary. Her first Husband died in 1666.
Her second marriage, on 26 July 1666, was to Thomas Oliver, a widower and prominent businessman. She had another daughter from her marriage to Thomas Oliver, Christian Oliver , born 8 May 1667.Thomas Oliver died in June 1679 .Bridget was accused of bewitching Thomas Oliver to death, but was acquitted due to lack of evidence.
Her third marriage in 1687 was to Edward Bishop, a prosperous sawyer, whose family lived in Beverly.[12] Her third husband, Edward Bishop, is also one of the founders of the First Church of Beverly. He was 44 at the time of the trials.
Perhaps what made her neighbors most uncomfortable about Bishop had been her relationship with her second husband. While married to Thomas Oliver, Bridget gave every sign of being an abused wife. She would appear on the streets with bruises and scratches. However, it was believed that she was equally an abusive wife. The Olivers were known to verbally fight, and in public. Even on the Sabbath! The couple was once charged for that offense, and told to pay a fine or stand in the public square as punishment. Oliver’s daughter Mary paid the fine for her father, but declined payment for her stepmother. And so, Bridget was made to stand in the public square in penance for such behavior. Bridget Bishop was clearly a person who made others uncomfortable.
Bridget ran two taverns alongside Edward. Bridget Bishop was always seen by friends, family, and guests wearing exotic clothes and bright colors, both far from the standard clothes associated with the devil.
Below is a part of the Indictment against Bridget Bishop. It is in old English but I am sure you will be able to understand the contents.
“The Jurors for our Sovereigne Lord & Lady the King & Queen pr’sent that Bridgett Bishop als Olliver the wife of Edward Bishop of Salem in the County of Essex Sawyer — the Nyneteenth day of April in the fourth year of the Reigne of our Sovereigne Lord & Lady William & Mary by the Grace of God of England Scottland France & Ireland King & Queen Defend’rs of the faith &c and Divers other dayes & times as well before as after, certaine Detestable Arts Called Witchcrafts & Sorceries. wickedly and felloniously hath used Practised & Exercised at and within the Towneship of Salem in the County of Essex afores’d in upon and ag’t one Abigail Williams of Salem Village in the County of Essex afores’d singlewoman.. by which said wicked Arts the said Abigail Williams the Nyneteenth Day of April afores’d in the fourth Year aboves’d and divers other Dayes and times as well before as after, was, and is tortured Afflicted Pined Consumed wasted & tormented ag’t the Peace of our Said Sovereigne Lord & Lady the King & Queen and ag’t the forme of the Statute in that Case made and Provided”
Bishop was convicted of witchcraft in short order. On June 10, Sheriff George Corwin escorted her from Salem jail, along Prison Lane to Main Street, and finally to a spot of common pasture at the edge of town. A crowd gathered. Bridget Bishop was ‘hanged by the neck until she was dead,’ on Proctor’s Ledge at Gallows Hill, the first of 19 people to be so executed. Instead of this first execution bringing people to their senses, it was not the end, but the beginning.
Even though Bridget Bishop was the first person to die as a result of the Salem Witch Trials, she wasn’t the first accused. Her accusers also eventually retracted their claims (too little, too late much?) and in the early 1700s the Massachusetts government cleared the names of most of the people who had been wrongly accused of witchcraft, Bridget Bishop not included.
Unfortunately, Bishop wouldn’t benefit from exoneration until more than two centuries later, when in 2001, the names of the remaining accused were cleared.
But Bishop’s status as the first witch hunt martyr remains today. Her unusual situation of being a thrice-married, twice-widowed woman who also owned property is said to have made her an anomaly amongst her counterparts and may have painted the target on her back for her being accused.
I am passionate about my site and I know you all like reading my blogs. I have been doing this at no cost and will continue to do so. All I ask is for a voluntary donation of $2, however if you are not in a position to do so I can fully understand, maybe next time then. Thank you.
To donate click on the credit/debit card icon of the card you will use. If you want to donate more then $2 just add a higher number in the box left from the PayPal link. Many thanks.
History of Sorts 
You must be logged in to post a comment.